Infraestruturas urbanas verdes e azuis para melhoria do conforto térmico de pedestres
uma revisão sistemática.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46421/entac.v19i1.2100Keywords:
Human thermal comfort, Urban thermal environment, Urban green and blue infrastructureAbstract
Green and Blue Urban Infrastructures (GBI) are considered effective strategies to mitigate urban heat stress and improve human thermal comfort. Many studies have investigated the thermal effects of major types of GBI, including trees, lawns, green roofs and water bodies. To provide a systematic assessment of existing research, a comprehensive review was carried out on studies targeting GBI. 91 studies were selected and the results of 24 studies already reviewed are summarized. This review provides to researchers an overview of the thermal effects of GBI strategies in the urban context for different types of climates.
References
ANTONIADIS, D.; KATSOULAS, N. PAPANASTASIOU, D. K. Thermal environment of urban schoolyards: Current and future design with respect to children’s thermal comfort. Atmosphere (Basel), vol. 11, no. 11, 2020, doi: 10.3390/atmos11111144.
ASHRAE. American Society of Heating. Standard 169 - Climatic Data for Building Design Standards. 2013. [Online]. Available: www.ashrae.org
BROWN, R. D. Design with microclimate: the secret to comfortable outdoor space. Island Press, 2010.
CHATZIDIMITRIOU, A.; YANNAS, S. Microclimate design for open spaces: Ranking urban design effects on pedestrian thermal comfort in summer. Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 26, pp. 27–47, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2016.05.004.]
CHATZIDIMITRIOU, A.; YANNAS, S. Microclimate development in open urban spaces: The influence of form and materials. Energy and Buildings, vol. 108, pp. 156–174, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.08.048.
CHEN, L.; NG, E. Simulation of the effect of downtown greenery on thermal comfort in subtropical climate using PET index: A case study in Hong Kong. Architectural Science Review, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 297–305, 2013, doi: 10.1080/00038628.2012.684871.
COHEN, P.; POTCHTER, O.; MATZARAKIS, A. Daily and seasonal climatic conditions of green urban open spaces in the Mediterranean climate and their impact on human comfort. Building and Environment, vol. 51, pp. 285–295, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.11.020.
COUTTS, A. M.; TAPPER, N. J.; BERINGER, J.; LOUGHNAN, M.; DEMUZERE, M. Watering our cities: The capacity for Water Sensitive Urban Design to support urban cooling and improve human thermal comfort in the Australian context. Progress in Physical Geography, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 2–28, doi: 10.1177/0309133312461032.
DE ABREU-HARBICH, L. V.; LABAKI, L. C.; MATZARAKIS, A. Effect of tree planting design and tree species on human thermal comfort in the tropics. Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 138, pp. 99–109, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.008.
ERELL, E.; PEARLMUTTER, D.; WILLIAMSON, T. Urban microclimate: designing the spaces between buildings. Routledge, 2012.
GIVONI, B. Urban design for hot humid regions. Renew Energy, vol. 5, no. 5–8, pp. 1047–1053, 1994.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC AR6: Summary for Policymakers. In: MASSON-DELMOTTE, V., P. ZHAI, A. PIRANI, S. L. CONNORS, C. PÉAN, S. BERGER, N. CAUD, Y. CHEN, L. GOLDFARB, M. I. GOMIS, M. HUANG, K. LEITZELL, E. LONNOY, J.B.R. MATTHEWS, T. K. MAYCOCK, T. WATERFIELD, O. YELEKÇI, R. YU AND B. ZHOU (Eds). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2021.
JAMEI, E.; RAJAGOPALAN, P. Urban development and pedestrian thermal comfort in Melbourne. Solar Energy, vol. 144, pp. 681–698, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.023.
JAMEI, E.; RAJAGOPALAN, P.; SEYEDMAHMOUDIAN, M.; JAMEI, Y. Review on the impact of urban geometry and pedestrian level greening on outdoor thermal comfort. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 54, pp. 1002–1017, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.104.
KONG, L.; LAU, K. K.-L.; YUAN, C.; CHEN, Y.; XU, Y.; REN, C.; NG, E. Regulation of outdoor thermal comfort by trees in Hong Kong. Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 31, pp. 12–25, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2017.01.018.
KOTTEK, M. GRIESER, J.; BECK, C.; RUDOLF, B.; RUBEL, F. World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, vol. 15, pp. 259–263, May 2006, doi: 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
LIN, T.-P.; TSAI, K.-T.; HWANG, R.-L.; MATZARAKIS, A. Quantification of the effect of thermal indices and sky view factor on park attendance. Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 137–146, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.011.
LOBACCARO, G.; ACERO, J. A. Comparative analysis of green actions to improve outdoor thermal comfort inside typical urban street canyons. Urban Climate, vol. 14, pp. 251–267, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2015.10.002.
MANICKATHAN, L.; DEFRAEYE, T.; ALLEGRINI, J.; DEROME, D.; CARMELIET, J. Parametric study of the influence of environmental factors and tree properties on the transpirative cooling effect of trees. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 248, pp. 259–274, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.014.
MARTINS, T. A. L.; ADOLPHE, L.; BONHOMME, M.; BONNEAUD, F.; FARAUT, S.; GINESTET, S.; MICHEL, C.; GUYARD, W. Impact of Urban Cool Island measures on outdoor climate and pedestrian comfort: Simulations for a new district of Toulouse, France. Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 26, pp. 9–26, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2016.05.003.
MORAKINYO, T. E.; OUYANG, W.; LAU, K. K.-L.; REN, C.; NG, E. Right tree, right place (urban canyon): Tree species selection approach for optimum urban heat mitigation - development and evaluation. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 719, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137461.
MORAKINYO, T.E; LAI, A.; LAU, K. K.-L.; NG, E. Thermal benefits of vertical greening in a high-density city: Case study of Hong Kong. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, vol. 37, pp. 42–55, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2017.11.010.
NG, E. CHEN, L.; WANG, Y.; YUAN, C. A study on the cooling effects of greening in a high-density city: An experience from Hong Kong. Building and Environment, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 256–271, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.014.
OKE, T. R. Boundary Layer Climates (reprinted). Routledge, London, 2009.
PENG, L. L.; JIM, C. Y. Green-roof effects on neighborhood microclimate and human thermal sensation. Energies (Basel), vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 598–618, 2013, doi: 10.3390/en6020598.
REVI, A.; SATTERTHWAITE, D. E.; ARAGÓN-DURAND, F.; CORFEE-MORLOT, J.; KIUNSI, R.B.R.; PELLING, M.; ROBERTS, D.C.; SOLECKI, W. URBAN AREAS. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, pp. 535-612, 2014.
SALATA, F.; GOLASI, I.; PETITTI, D.; DE LIETO VOLLARO, E.; COPPI, M.; DE LIETO VOLLARO, A. Relating microclimate, human thermal comfort and health during heat waves: An analysis of heat island mitigation strategies through a case study in an urban outdoor environment. Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 30, pp. 79–96, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2017.01.006.
SANTAMOURIS, M.; OSMOND, P. Increasing green infrastructure in cities: Impact on ambient temperature, air quality and heat-related mortality and morbidity. Buildings, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1–34, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.3390/buildings10120233.
SODOUDI, S.; ZHANG, H.; CHI, X.; MÜLLER, F.; LI, H. The influence of spatial configuration of green areas on microclimate and thermal comfort. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, vol. 34, pp. 85–96, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2018.06.002.
TALEGHANI, M.; SAILOR, D.; BAN-WEISS, G. A. Micrometeorological simulations to predict the impacts of heat mitigation strategies on pedestrian thermal comfort in a Los Angeles neighborhood. Environmental Research Letters, vol. 11, no. 2, 2016, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024003.
WANG, Y.; DE GROOT, R.; BAKKER, F.; WÖRTCHE, H.; LEEMANS, R. Thermal comfort in urban green spaces: a survey on a Dutch university campus. International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 87–101, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s00484-016-1193-0.
WANG, Z.-H.; ZHAO, X.; YANG, J.; SONG, J. Cooling and energy saving potentials of shade trees and urban lawns in a desert city. Applied Energy, vol. 161, pp. 437–444, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.047.
YAHIA, M. W.; JOHANSSON, E. Influence of urban planning regulations on the microclimate in a hot dry climate: The example of Damascus, Syria. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 51–65, 2013, doi: 10.1007/s10901-012-9280-y.
ZÖLCH, T.; MADERSPACHER, J.; WAMSLER, C.; PAULEIT, S. Using green infrastructure for urban climate-proofing: An evaluation of heat mitigation measures at the micro-scale. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, vol. 20, pp. 305–316, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2016.09.011.
ZÖLCH, T.; RAHMAN, M. A.; PFLEIDERER, E.; WAGNER, G.; PAULEIT, S. Designing public squares with green infrastructure to optimize human thermal comfort. Building and Environment, vol. 149, pp. 640–654, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.051.
